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Flapping
Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping or intervocalic flapping, is a phonological process found in many dialects of English, especially North American English, Australian English and New Zealand English, by which the consonants and may be pronounced as a flap (tap) in certain positions, particularly between vowels (intervocalic position). In some cases, the effect is perceived by some listeners as the replacement of a /t/ sound with a /d/ sound; for example, the word ''butter'' pronounced with flapping may be heard as "budder".〔See for example: Kirsten Fox, ''English Language Exam Guide'', Insight Publications, 2011, p. 158.〕 In fact, both /t/ and /d/ are replaced in such positions by an alveolar flap (or tap; IPA symbol ) – a sound produced by briefly tapping the alveolar ridge with the tongue. Also, in similar positions, the combination /nt/ may be pronounced with a nasalized flap, or just with an () sound, so that ''winter'' may sound similar or identical to ''winner''.
==Terminology==
The terms ''flap'' and ''tap'' are often used synonymously, although some authors make a distinction between them. According to Heinz Giegerich, a flap involves a rapid movement of the tongue tip from a retracted vertical position to a (more or less) horizontal position, during which the tongue tip brushes the alveolar ridge, while a tap involves a rapid upward and downward movement of the tongue tip, the upward movement being voluntary and the lowering involuntary. On this view, the sound referred to here is the alveolar tap, rather than the flap, even though the term "flapping" is ingrained in much of the phonological literature.〔Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). ''English Phonology'', pp. 225, 241. Cambridge University Press.〕
Even though taps and flaps are sometimes distinguished phonetically, no languages are known to contrast them, and they are assigned only one set of symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The symbol for the alveolar tap (flap) discussed here is .
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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